Multi-Window Thinking: On the structure of scientific knowledge
Gulenko V. V. Multi-window thinking. On the structure of scientific knowledge
1. Structural and functional method.
Socionics as a theoretically
formed area of knowledge about a person relies in its research
on the structural-functional method. What is the specificity of this method?
formed area of knowledge about a person relies in its research
on the structural-functional method. What is the specificity of this method?
Structural functionalism, as evidenced by the name of the method itself,
identifies in the phenomena under study, first , stable structures and,
second , functional connections between them.
identifies in the phenomena under study, first , stable structures and,
second , functional connections between them.
The structure
is understood as a set of stable connections between parts of an object,
ensuring its identity with itself. It is precisely due to the presence of
structural proportions in the object or its inclusion as a
certain part in the superstructure, we can call it the
unchanged name, although it is subject to endless current changes.
is understood as a set of stable connections between parts of an object,
ensuring its identity with itself. It is precisely due to the presence of
structural proportions in the object or its inclusion as a
certain part in the superstructure, we can call it the
unchanged name, although it is subject to endless current changes.
A function is a repetitive action, the specific
role of an element or system. The generalization of the concept of function
is a relation . If the function implies
asymmetry, the action taken on the one hand, then the relation is
necessarily reciprocity, a bilateral function.
role of an element or system. The generalization of the concept of function
is a relation . If the function implies
asymmetry, the action taken on the one hand, then the relation is
necessarily reciprocity, a bilateral function.
This method originated in
science as consciously opposing other methods from about
the 20s of this century. Since then, there are many dozens of
particular variants of this method, which have various names: the
systems approach, the theory of functional systems, the general theory of systems,
dynamic analysis, etc.
science as consciously opposing other methods from about
the 20s of this century. Since then, there are many dozens of
particular variants of this method, which have various names: the
systems approach, the theory of functional systems, the general theory of systems,
dynamic analysis, etc.
In psychology, the maturation of this method
occurred through two well-marked stages. First came the
structuralist approach, which was founded by Wilhelm Wundt
( 1832-1920 ). Wundt psychology fixed the threefold structure of consciousness
(feelings, sensations, images), but blurred the functional side
of the subject's mind.
occurred through two well-marked stages. First came the
structuralist approach, which was founded by Wilhelm Wundt
( 1832-1920 ). Wundt psychology fixed the threefold structure of consciousness
(feelings, sensations, images), but blurred the functional side
of the subject's mind.
As a counterbalance to structural psychology, a
functionalist approach emerged , coming from William James ( 1842–1910 ).
The psychology of functioning sacrificed structure for the sake of function. These
two opposing, though equally valid approaches, in many respects
compete with each other in the work of various scientists today.
functionalist approach emerged , coming from William James ( 1842–1910 ).
The psychology of functioning sacrificed structure for the sake of function. These
two opposing, though equally valid approaches, in many respects
compete with each other in the work of various scientists today.
Naturally, there was an urgent need to connect both sides in the
same, synthetic theory.
same, synthetic theory.
However, the emergence of a unifying theory
was hampered by the fact that there was no single typology - a detailed
classification of structures. This third component arose separately in the
form of the theory of psychological types of C. Jung [1]. The structure was connected to the
function thanks to the principle of typing consistently carried out by Jung.
was hampered by the fact that there was no single typology - a detailed
classification of structures. This third component arose separately in the
form of the theory of psychological types of C. Jung [1]. The structure was connected to the
function thanks to the principle of typing consistently carried out by Jung.
The current socionics is a kind of balance of structural and
functional aspects. It brought to its logical end both the
structure of the psyche developed by Jung and his teaching on mental
functions through the development of the theory of bilateral
functions, intertype relationships, by A. Augustinavichut .
functional aspects. It brought to its logical end both the
structure of the psyche developed by Jung and his teaching on mental
functions through the development of the theory of bilateral
functions, intertype relationships, by A. Augustinavichut .
However, the classical socionics of Aushra
also suffer from a significant drawback - it is static, non-evolutionary.
It rather describes what structures and functions should be, than
what they really are. There is a lack of the fourth component, without
which it is impossible to make a comprehensive presentation about the
object under study , namely, the dynamics , type variability in time and
space.
also suffer from a significant drawback - it is static, non-evolutionary.
It rather describes what structures and functions should be, than
what they really are. There is a lack of the fourth component, without
which it is impossible to make a comprehensive presentation about the
object under study , namely, the dynamics , type variability in time and
space.
This need is now extremely aggravated and turned into a
crisis of diagnosis. Due to the type of blurring due to dynamic factors,
representatives of various socionic schools argue fiercely what
type of person this is. And an agreement on this most
significant practical issue is almost never reached.
crisis of diagnosis. Due to the type of blurring due to dynamic factors,
representatives of various socionic schools argue fiercely what
type of person this is. And an agreement on this most
significant practical issue is almost never reached.
The lack of a dynamic
side in theory and practice of socionics is perceived as an anachronism against the background of the
fundamental tendency of postnonclassical
science clearly formulated by modern philosophers - the synthesis of a systems approach with the idea of evolutionism [2, p. 478].
side in theory and practice of socionics is perceived as an anachronism against the background of the
fundamental tendency of postnonclassical
science clearly formulated by modern philosophers - the synthesis of a systems approach with the idea of evolutionism [2, p. 478].
In order for socionics not to be pushed aside from the general channel of modern research,
it needs to seriously shift its attention to the dynamic factor.
it needs to seriously shift its attention to the dynamic factor.
As for me, I give high
priority to dynamic socionics . The structural-functional method by which
the current socionics is armed, I hope, will acquire the fourth
dimension - time. Its rudiments are contained in the
theory of communicative displacements I have developed , age socionics, relative
socionics, the theory of changing the sign of a function at different communicative
distances, etc.
priority to dynamic socionics . The structural-functional method by which
the current socionics is armed, I hope, will acquire the fourth
dimension - time. Its rudiments are contained in the
theory of communicative displacements I have developed , age socionics, relative
socionics, the theory of changing the sign of a function at different communicative
distances, etc.
2. System dynamics in the multi-window Altshuller scheme.
Structural and functional method for the analysis of technical systems was
undertaken by the talented inventor G. Altshuller. The theory he created
was called the theory of solving inventive problems (TRIZ).
undertaken by the talented inventor G. Altshuller. The theory he created
was called the theory of solving inventive problems (TRIZ).
In his book “Find an Idea,” he describes his kind of
structural functionalism in this way - the scheme of “multi-window
thinking”: “Imagination
, voluntarily or unwittingly, creates a certain image of the task. A
person read the conditions, and immediately a mental screen flashes with a
picture highlighted on it. ”[3, p. 57].
structural functionalism in this way - the scheme of “multi-window
thinking”: “Imagination
, voluntarily or unwittingly, creates a certain image of the task. A
person read the conditions, and immediately a mental screen flashes with a
picture highlighted on it. ”[3, p. 57].
Socionic is obliged here to
criticize Altshuller's ignorance about the existence of various
types of thinking. The author describes, apparently, judging by himself, visual
thinking, which is characteristic of intuitive types, especially
rational, with dissociative perception [7]. In addition to the
visual, there is an auditory, kinesthetic, emotional
thinking, for which the cognitive effects described by him are the
exception rather than the rule.
criticize Altshuller's ignorance about the existence of various
types of thinking. The author describes, apparently, judging by himself, visual
thinking, which is characteristic of intuitive types, especially
rational, with dissociative perception [7]. In addition to the
visual, there is an auditory, kinesthetic, emotional
thinking, for which the cognitive effects described by him are the
exception rather than the rule.
It is important for me to note that Altshuller,
introducing a two-axis rectangular coordinate system (the internal screen
has two dimensions — the vertical height and the horizontal length),
believes that the minimum number of gradations along each axis is three.
Vertical gradations correspond to the structural side of the analyzed
object, in which 1) a subsystem, 2) a system, 3) a
super- system are necessarily identified . Graduations across reflect the dynamic side of the
approach and count off three time periods: past, present, future.
introducing a two-axis rectangular coordinate system (the internal screen
has two dimensions — the vertical height and the horizontal length),
believes that the minimum number of gradations along each axis is three.
Vertical gradations correspond to the structural side of the analyzed
object, in which 1) a subsystem, 2) a system, 3) a
super- system are necessarily identified . Graduations across reflect the dynamic side of the
approach and count off three time periods: past, present, future.
Three windows vertically and three horizontally constitute a general
nine-window scheme. Graphically, Altshuller presents it this way
(the window numbering belongs to him):
nine-window scheme. Graphically, Altshuller presents it this way
(the window numbering belongs to him):
| Supersystem | five | 2 | eight |
|---|---|---|---|
| System | four | one | 7 |
| Subsystem | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| Past | The present | Future |
The second criticism from the point of view of
socionics. The minimum analysis can not be limited to three parts.
There is always a fourth component that does not immediately show up.
Scientists, accustomed to odd systems, often miss it.
socionics. The minimum analysis can not be limited to three parts.
There is always a fourth component that does not immediately show up.
Scientists, accustomed to odd systems, often miss it.
Therefore, in accordance with the
principle of system symmetry (parity) included in the socionic methodology , the Altshuller matrix should be expanded
to 4 x 4 format.
principle of system symmetry (parity) included in the socionic methodology , the Altshuller matrix should be expanded
to 4 x 4 format.
3. Hexadecimal system dynamics chart.
In order to expand the 3 x 3 scheme to the required 4 x 4 format,
it is necessary and sufficient to add another
window horizontally and vertically .
it is necessary and sufficient to add another
window horizontally and vertically .
Three windows located one above the other along the vertical
axis — a subsystem, a system, a supersystem — will complement from below with another — an
element of the system that is accepted as the most fundamental and,
therefore, indivisible.
axis — a subsystem, a system, a supersystem — will complement from below with another — an
element of the system that is accepted as the most fundamental and,
therefore, indivisible.
For example, we expand
the socionic system itself into four structural levels. The result of this
analysis is the following hierarchy:
the socionic system itself into four structural levels. The result of this
analysis is the following hierarchy:
supersystem - socion
system - group of types
subsystem - sociotype
element - function
system - group of types
subsystem - sociotype
element - function
Important note: the socionic type with which the current socionics works
most of all cannot be considered as the main link of the communicative
hierarchy. As follows from the resulting layout, the type is
only a subsystem of a system of a higher communicative level - a small
group. A type surrounded by a group of other types is the most interesting and
practically oriented field of socionics.
most of all cannot be considered as the main link of the communicative
hierarchy. As follows from the resulting layout, the type is
only a subsystem of a system of a higher communicative level - a small
group. A type surrounded by a group of other types is the most interesting and
practically oriented field of socionics.
Now let's do a
horizontal expansion. Horizontally, that is, along the axis of time, I will
add three usual periods of time - past, present, future - to the
fourth, which will complete the unfolding with a period of eternal, unchanging,
timeless. To this fourth, metaphysical aspect of time, we
assign the name achronical (from ancient Greek. "A" -
denial and "chronos" - time).
horizontal expansion. Horizontally, that is, along the axis of time, I will
add three usual periods of time - past, present, future - to the
fourth, which will complete the unfolding with a period of eternal, unchanging,
timeless. To this fourth, metaphysical aspect of time, we
assign the name achronical (from ancient Greek. "A" -
denial and "chronos" - time).
Then the horizontal
development of the structure will necessarily run through four periods of its
history: the past - the present - the future - the eternal. Classical
socionics, unfortunately, pays attention only to the achronical one.
The first breach of static was made when, 8 years ago, I
formulated the law of replacement of quadras.
development of the structure will necessarily run through four periods of its
history: the past - the present - the future - the eternal. Classical
socionics, unfortunately, pays attention only to the achronical one.
The first breach of static was made when, 8 years ago, I
formulated the law of replacement of quadras.
It has been established that quadra
beta lives from the past, quadra gamma lives in the present, quadra delta
lives from the future, quadra alpha has anchronic character [6].
beta lives from the past, quadra gamma lives in the present, quadra delta
lives from the future, quadra alpha has anchronic character [6].
Combining the structural vertical with the time horizon, we obtain the
following multi-window scheme:
following multi-window scheme:
| Supersystem | sixteen | 15 | 14 | 13 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| System | 12 | eleven | ten | 9 |
| Subsystem | eight | 7 | 6 | five |
| Element | four | 3 | 2 | one |
| Past | The present | Future | Eternal |
Before us is a record of the structural-dynamic slice of any system. However,
there are two other systemic aspects - typological and
functional. Although in this article I
will not examine them in detail , but as they are written down, I must say.
there are two other systemic aspects - typological and
functional. Although in this article I
will not examine them in detail , but as they are written down, I must say.
The functional-typological scheme is nothing more than a table of
intertype relationships. Since socionics uses end-to-end
typology, the same
formalized structures operate at any taxonomic level . Therefore, further technology, in principle, is
simple. A list of 16 reference structures is recorded, and for each
structure, the list indicates its function — a set of reactions to
all sorts of stimuli from the external environment.
intertype relationships. Since socionics uses end-to-end
typology, the same
formalized structures operate at any taxonomic level . Therefore, further technology, in principle, is
simple. A list of 16 reference structures is recorded, and for each
structure, the list indicates its function — a set of reactions to
all sorts of stimuli from the external environment.
4. Theory of communicative space
As we saw in the
previous section, functional socionics describes the behavior of a type
under the most diverse environmental conditions. The impact function is
added to the response function, forming a two-sided function — an
intertype relationship. The states of the environment, as required by the principle of a
unified typology, describes 16 options.
previous section, functional socionics describes the behavior of a type
under the most diverse environmental conditions. The impact function is
added to the response function, forming a two-sided function — an
intertype relationship. The states of the environment, as required by the principle of a
unified typology, describes 16 options.
However, a scale with 16
gradations is not always convenient to use. Therefore, I constructed a
generalized theory of communicative space. The concept of
communicative space reflects the most characteristic and
stable structural properties of the environment in which the type and its group are immersed.
gradations is not always convenient to use. Therefore, I constructed a
generalized theory of communicative space. The concept of
communicative space reflects the most characteristic and
stable structural properties of the environment in which the type and its group are immersed.
If we proceed from the statics of the communicative space, then
it is logical to introduce a four-level hierarchy of taxonomic levels
in it, just as I did for an
object operating in this space.
it is logical to introduce a four-level hierarchy of taxonomic levels
in it, just as I did for an
object operating in this space.
Socionic types and their groups have the
ability to move in the communicative space from one
stationary level to another. Levels are separated by a potential
barrier - an effort that must be expended to move from a lower
level to a higher one.
ability to move in the communicative space from one
stationary level to another. Levels are separated by a potential
barrier - an effort that must be expended to move from a lower
level to a higher one.
I build the system vertical of communicative space as
follows:
follows:
- the level of elementary components is physical (material
substrate, bodily and subject processes), - the subsystem level is psychological (close, informal
communication, subjective addictions, mental processes), - system level - social (formal, rationed communication,
social, professional, industrial relations), - super-system level - intellectual (mental reflection of the world
in the mind, worldview, culture, spirituality).
With such a distribution of levels is closely related to the motivation of a person, which
is the reason for moving a person from one level to another.
There is a classification of motives according to their priority - the sequence of
implementation. This hierarchy was first derived by A. Maslow, and since then it has not
changed. Here, for example, as P. V. Simonov formulated the driving force of the
“vertical” component of human behavior [4, p. five]:
is the reason for moving a person from one level to another.
There is a classification of motives according to their priority - the sequence of
implementation. This hierarchy was first derived by A. Maslow, and since then it has not
changed. Here, for example, as P. V. Simonov formulated the driving force of the
“vertical” component of human behavior [4, p. five]:
"The main driving force of human behavior is its
needs: vital (or vital), social and ideal (or
spiritual)." P. Simonov cites three levels of communicative
space: physical, on which vital
needs reign , social and intellectual proper, where
spiritual needs come into play.
needs: vital (or vital), social and ideal (or
spiritual)." P. Simonov cites three levels of communicative
space: physical, on which vital
needs reign , social and intellectual proper, where
spiritual needs come into play.
Trichotomy Simonov, as usual,
missed the fourth step - psychological, which is located
between the vital and social needs and is not reduced to either the
first or the second.
missed the fourth step - psychological, which is located
between the vital and social needs and is not reduced to either the
first or the second.
And now for the more detailed analysis.
Communicative levels are described by three dichotomies - pairs of polar
signs, showing what each pair of levels is opposite to the
other pair.
signs, showing what each pair of levels is opposite to the
other pair.
4.1. The first dichotomy: micro levels against macro levels
The micro levels are the two lower floors of the communicative hierarchy -
physical and psychological. Communication at these levels takes place at
close range - in close contact, face to face.
physical and psychological. Communication at these levels takes place at
close range - in close contact, face to face.
We consider the two top layers of communication to be macro levels - social and
intellectual. Communication on them is characterized by a distant distance -
with a certain amount of composure, without involvement.
intellectual. Communication on them is characterized by a distant distance -
with a certain amount of composure, without involvement.
4.2. The second dichotomy: levels diffuse against relief
Diffusion is a characteristic of the intellectual and physical levels.
Such communication is blurred, spontaneous. It is difficult to typologize - to
identify a set of typical structures. On them extends the zone of the unconscious.
Such communication is blurred, spontaneous. It is difficult to typologize - to
identify a set of typical structures. On them extends the zone of the unconscious.
Relief (distinct) levels
occupy the middle of the communicative hierarchy - the core of communication, which is the
most conscious and accessible observation.
Psychological and especially social levels are distinct . They are amenable to
systematization, streamlining. Contradictions social and
psychological - the subject of conscious attention to the social sciences and humanities.
occupy the middle of the communicative hierarchy - the core of communication, which is the
most conscious and accessible observation.
Psychological and especially social levels are distinct . They are amenable to
systematization, streamlining. Contradictions social and
psychological - the subject of conscious attention to the social sciences and humanities.
4.3. The third dichotomy: levels of primary versus secondary levels
Primary levels are substrate carrier for
secondary levels . Primacy is inherent in the physical and social levels. They
directly determine processes at secondary levels. The physical
determines the psychological, and the social determines the intellectual.
secondary levels . Primacy is inherent in the physical and social levels. They
directly determine processes at secondary levels. The physical
determines the psychological, and the social determines the intellectual.
The secondary levels are psychological and intellectual.
Having experienced the direct influence of the levels of primary, substrate, they
have on them a response, a secondary effect. This effect is
indirect, subtle. The superstructure is able to have a
corrective, compensatory effect on the basis .
Having experienced the direct influence of the levels of primary, substrate, they
have on them a response, a secondary effect. This effect is
indirect, subtle. The superstructure is able to have a
corrective, compensatory effect on the basis .
5. Vertical structure in scientific knowledge.
Quaternary vertical division turns out to be very convenient for the structural
representation of any more or less established branch of scientific
knowledge. If we are talking about the social sciences, then each of them
will try to cover all four layers of the
communicative space in its main sections .
representation of any more or less established branch of scientific
knowledge. If we are talking about the social sciences, then each of them
will try to cover all four layers of the
communicative space in its main sections .
Consider some examples.
5.1. Philosophy. Its vertical stratification
seems to me like this:
seems to me like this:
- intellectual level - epistemology,
- social level - social philosophy,
- psychological level - philosophical anthropology,
- physical level - ontology.
Such a picture is certainly the
result of the utmost rationalization of living irrational
knowledge. In this rigid scheme, many
independent sections of philosophy remained unaccounted for , which are located at inter-level
gaps. However, the benefit of this scheme still has. She perfectly
demonstrates the one-sidedness of individual teachings. It becomes clear that
at every historical step in philosophy we are dealing with reductionism
- reducing all four levels to one, which the authors of
philosophical concepts without a twinge of conscience is declared decisive, the
main thing .
result of the utmost rationalization of living irrational
knowledge. In this rigid scheme, many
independent sections of philosophy remained unaccounted for , which are located at inter-level
gaps. However, the benefit of this scheme still has. She perfectly
demonstrates the one-sidedness of individual teachings. It becomes clear that
at every historical step in philosophy we are dealing with reductionism
- reducing all four levels to one, which the authors of
philosophical concepts without a twinge of conscience is declared decisive, the
main thing .
5.2. Sociology as a social science is also divided into
4 major
sections according to the stated theory of taxonomic levels , namely:
4 major
sections according to the stated theory of taxonomic levels , namely:
- super-system level - sociology of cultures, civilizations,
- the level of systems is the sociology of large groups, or the so-called
structural paradigms, - the level of subsystems is the sociology of small groups, or (opposing
structural) interpretative paradigms, - the level of elements is the sociology of personality.
All the real theories of
sociologists find their place on this grid, albeit
quite roughly. For example, the sociology of Pitirim Sorokin lies
between the first and second levels, because he tried to synthesize the
laws of the super-system (culture) with the functioning of the
system itself - social stratification in society.
sociologists find their place on this grid, albeit
quite roughly. For example, the sociology of Pitirim Sorokin lies
between the first and second levels, because he tried to synthesize the
laws of the super-system (culture) with the functioning of the
system itself - social stratification in society.
5.3. Finally, let us turn to the general structure of socio-humanitarian knowledge.
In my opinion, the sciences of this complex
“divided” the levels of communicative space as follows:
In my opinion, the sciences of this complex
“divided” the levels of communicative space as follows:
- intellectual level - philosophy, methodology,
- social level - sociology, economics,
- psychological level - psychology, pedagogy,
- physical level - physiology, anthropology.
We came to the principle of standardization. It makes sense to raise the question of the
structural and functional basis of any sciences. The project on the
standardized representation of any science would have as its goal the
creation of a database formed by at least two orthogonal
axes with a gradation of 4 x 4.
structural and functional basis of any sciences. The project on the
standardized representation of any science would have as its goal the
creation of a database formed by at least two orthogonal
axes with a gradation of 4 x 4.
| Functions Structure | Symmetrical | Vector | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| identity | opposite | dominance | reflectivity | ||
| macro | supersystem | 13 | 14 | 15 | sixteen |
| system | 9 | nineteen | eleven | 12 | |
| micro | subsystem | five | 6 | 7 | eight |
| element | one | 2 | 3 | four | |
The final comment on the table. The vertical axis contains four
taxonomic levels of the system: two micro levels - the level of elementary
components and the level of the subsystem, as well as two macro levels - the level of
the system itself and the level of the super-system.
taxonomic levels of the system: two micro levels - the level of elementary
components and the level of the subsystem, as well as two macro levels - the level of
the system itself and the level of the super-system.
The horizontal axis will reflect
four types of functional connections between objects of any system
level: two types of symmetric (non-directional) connections - identity and
opposite and two types of asymmetric (vector) connections -
dominance (direct, primary influence, determination) and
reflectivity (opposite, secondary influence compensatory).
four types of functional connections between objects of any system
level: two types of symmetric (non-directional) connections - identity and
opposite and two types of asymmetric (vector) connections -
dominance (direct, primary influence, determination) and
reflectivity (opposite, secondary influence compensatory).
Literature:
- Jung K. G. Psychological types. Sptb., “Yuventa”, M.,
“Progress-Universe”, 1995. - Philosophy. Textbook for higher education. Ed. editor V.P. Kokhanovsky. Rostov- on-Don , "Phoenix", 1995.
- Altshuller G. S. Find an idea. Introduction to the theory of
inventive problem solving. 2nd edition, supplemented. Novosibirsk,
"Science", 1991. - Arguments and Facts. Ukraine. # 42, 1996.
- Gulenko V.V. The fractal structure of quadra and socion. The second
edition. // In the collection: On the unity of man, society and the world.
Kiev City Teacher's House. Club "Socionics". Kiev, June
1989. - Gulenko V.V. The aspect of time in the perception of information by the
human psyche . // Q: Personality Psychology and Time. Abstracts of reports and
communications of the All-Union Scientific-Theoretical Conference, Chernivtsi, April
23–25 , 1991. Volume 2. - Gulenko V.V. Typological integrity of the socion. Formation of
sociotypes on the basis of Jung. K., 2. 04. 1993.
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