Guaranteed productive learning. Temperamental and stimulus groups

12 years "socionic temperaments"

Author: Victor Gulenko . Kiev socionics, author of the concept of "humanitarian socionics", the main method of which he calls "socio-analysis". He is the author of several dozen articles and a number of books: "Jung at School" (together with V.Tyschenko), "Socionics for a Manager" (together with A. Molodtsov), etc.

In this publication, we show the evolution of Viktor Gulenko’s views on the problem of temperaments. With his consent, we publish not only his article "Guarantees of productive learning" (written in 1992, in a revised form entered his book "Jung at School"), but also - right after this article - his letter to the editorial board of newspapers ", which sets out his current views on the problem of temperaments.

Guaranteed productive learning. 
Temperamental and stimulus groups

Kiev, 13.06.1992.

1. Classification of temperaments.

It is unlikely that there will be at least one practicing socionic who would not come across the question of how sociotypes relate to classical temperaments. Temperament manifests itself visibly and specifically - this is its advantage. Knowing such a correlation, it is much easier to explain the sociotype's behavioral responses even to an unprepared listener.

The question of temperaments in science is rather confused. There are many approaches to their classification, the most famous among them are: humoral (Hippocrates-Galen), constitutional (Kretschmer, Sheldon), physiological (Pavlov), typological (Ayzenk). Let's stop on some of them.

According to the teachings of I.P.Pavlov, the types of higher nervous activity temperaments are described using three scales - 1) strength, 2) balance, and 3) mobility of nervous processes. The classification itself is as follows:

- choleric: strong unbalanced;

- phlegmatic: strong, balanced, inert;

- sanguine: strong, balanced, agile;

- melancholic: weak.

For socionics, such a classification is not suitable. Firstly, it is logically incomplete: on the three binary scales, 2 = 8 types can be constructed. Secondly, it is uneven: some temperaments are described by three signs, and others by two and even one. The sign of "strength-weakness" is very asymmetrically distributed. Three temperaments are strong and only one is weak. It is all the same if in the socion 12 types were logicians and only 4 ethics.

Another approach that deserves our attention is the EPI test by G. Ayzenk, in which four temperaments are described by means of two scales - 1) extra / introversion and 2) neuroticism (emotional stability). Its classification to a much greater degree meets socionic criteria - completeness and symmetry. Here she is:

- choleric: extrovert, emotionally unstable;

- phlegmatic: introvert, emotionally stable;

- sanguine: extrovert, emotionally stable;

- melancholic: introvert, emotionally unstable.

When comparing both classifications, it is easy to notice that one of the scales in them practically coincides - this is Pavlov's equilibrium and Aysenk's neuroticism. For her, you can find an analog among the socionic scales, though not Jung ones. However, as we shall see, it is more convenient to remain within the framework of the signs of Jung. We will do that, although we will use this scale to further characterize socionic temperaments.

2. What scales to take?

To split the socion into four temperaments, two Jung scales are enough. One scale has already taken advantage of Eysenck this extra / introversion. Which one to take as a second?

Pavlov strength-weakness disappears due to its asymmetry. There remains either neuroticism (balance) or mobility of the nervous system. Strictly speaking, both of these scales are suitable, as they allow us to consistently describe the four temperamental groups of sociotypes. But I still stopped on the "mobility" scale, because among the Jung scales, it has a clear analogue.

Most of all, the socionic attribute “irrationality” corresponds to the criterion of mobility of the nervous system. Irrational types easily switch from one activity to another, are distinguished by great flexibility in behavior. The rational types have an inert nervous system - they work with difficulty in the mode of constant switching, they are consistent and reliable in their behavior.

And now let's see how the scales chosen by us - rationality / irrationality and extra / introversion - form, as a result of orthogonal intersection, four groups of socionic temperaments:

	Rational	Irrational
Extrovert	Choleric	Sanguine
Introvert	Phlegmatic person	Melancholic

Therefore, 16 sociotypes are distributed according to temperaments as follows:

1) choleric, or rational extroverts - ENTUZIAST (ESE), PLANT (EIE), ENTREPRENEUR (LIE) and ADMINISTRATOR (FEL);

2) phlegmatic, or rational introverts - ANALITIK (LII), INSPECTOR (LSI), STUDENT (ESI) and CONCILERER (EII);

3) sanguine, or irrational extroverts - INVENTOR (ILE), MARSHAL (SLE), POLITIK (SEE) and PSYCHOLOGIST (IEE);

4) melancholic or irrational introverts - MEDIUM (SEI), LYRIC (IEI), CRITIC (OR) and MASTER (SLI).

3. Characteristics of temperamental groups.

I characterize the resulting group. For greater clarity, I will also use the additional temperamental sign of "equilibrium of the nervous system."

1. Choleric persons are sociotypes that differ in both internal and external anxiety. This temperament is the most unbalanced: when a sudden obstacle arises in the way of a choleric sociotype, because of extraversion, he is unable to restrain arousal - it spills out. It is also difficult for him to get around an obstacle because of his rational straightness. An explosive choleric temperament differs in both a nervous ADMINIST, a restless ENTREPRENEUR, and an agitated STAFF, and ENTUSIAST, which has a strong emotional pressure.

2. Phlegmatic are sociotypes that are calm both externally and internally. This is the most balanced of all temperaments. Introverted rationality makes them restrained and closed, not distracted by external irritants. This does not mean that the phlegmatic person is not able to flare up. Just to bring it to this state, you need to spend a lot of effort. Inspirational and differing are INSPECTOR and KEEPER, patience and malleability of the ANALITIK and the CONSOLIDATOR.

3. Sanguine men are sociotypes that are restless on the outside, but calm inside. They can be characterized as medium-balanced. Due to external activity, many are mistaken for choleric persons, but this is not so: after flashes of irritability, they very quickly calm down. It is enough to switch to any other external stimulus, which they do thanks to irrational extraversion. The real choleric, until the accumulated irritation spills out, will not calm down. POLITIC and MARSHAL quarrel and reconcile themselves without any particular consequences, easily switching their attention from an annoying topic to a pleasant PSYCHOLOGIST and INVENTOR.

4. Melancholic - are sociotypes that are calm in appearance, but restless inside. They, like the sanguine, occupy an intermediate value in the degree of equilibrium of the nervous system, moving, however, closer to the pole of imbalance. Melancholic - introverts, so they hide their inner experiences under the guise of calm or, conversely, liveliness. For this reason, they are easily confused with other temperaments. The problem of any melancholic is the search for inner harmony, which is so easily destroyed by the gross effects of external factors. Melancholic depressions suffer both optimistic middleman and lyric, as well as pessimists CRITIC and MASTER. Their sensitive nervous system subtly perceives the imperfections of the world, generating suffering,

Summing up the intermediate result, I will illustrate for clarity the features of the described temperaments with symbolic images that do not require special explanations:

	Rational	Irrational
Extrovert	Choleric  (speaker)	Sanguine  (static)
Introvert	Phlegmatic  (static)	Melancholic  (speaker)

Attention! It would be useful to recall that the temperaments of real people are mixed. Pure temperaments can only be discussed at level 16. The picture is complicated already at level 32: only terminal variants of sociotypes satisfactorily fall under our descriptions [3].

Example. About half of the representatives of the sociotype MARSHAL are living, mobile, sociable people. This is the terminal variant - sanguine in the framework of this type. The other half of MARSHALOV - those belonging to the initial subtype - are outwardly calm, slow and phlegmatic. However, at the classical level 16, which I explore in this article, this difference is not captured.

4. Recommendations based on temperaments.

Knowledge of typical temperaments allows you to navigate in such an important issue as the relevance of the teacher's sociotype to class behavioral responses. What I mean?

In general, you have only three ways to establish a normal, not requiring excessive or unjustified expenditure of mental and physical energy, the interaction of the teacher and the study group:

1) to complete classes for teachers,

2) to select teachers for classes and

3) to assemble such a class in which a variety of teachers could work in peace.

Since the first method in the current situation most likely relates to the field of utopias, I will analyze in more detail only the second and third.

Selection of a teacher for the class. I propose to distinguish four levels of discipline in the classroom, namely:

- first level: low discipline. Pupils constantly talk with each other, are busy with outside affairs, do not even follow the usual instructions of the teacher, and if they are still included in the work for some time, they are not able to concentrate on the subject deeply.

- second level: amorphous discipline. The pupils do not talk much with each other, which makes the class no longer so violent, but they do not follow the teacher’s usual instructions, they are constantly distracted by their personal affairs, and they cannot concentrate more or less on study tasks. Amorphousness is the inability to retain a given shape.

- the third level: the average discipline. Pupils talk with each other, but they still do what the teacher offers them, they do not distract themselves with other things, work as a whole evenly.

- fourth level: high discipline. During the lesson, students attentively listen to the teacher, outline the main points of the material being studied, do not talk to each other, consistently carry out the tasks that the teacher gives them.

As the school experience shows, most classes in regular schools are at the first and second levels of discipline. If a class with a third level of discipline comes across, which is much less common, it is already considered very good. There are almost no classes of the fourth level of discipline.

The practice of socionic studies at school led me to quite definite conclusions as to in a class with what level of discipline a particular sociotype of a teacher is able to provide a satisfactory educational process.

My RECOMMENDATIONS are as follows:

1. In a class with high discipline, sociotypes with a phlegmatic temperament (EII, ESI, LII, LSI) are best taught.

2. In a class with an average discipline, sociotypes with choleric temperament (ESE, EIE, FEL, LIE) are best taught.

3. With a class in which the discipline is amorphous, sociotypes of teachers interact well with the melancholic temperament (SEI, SLI, IEI, OR).

4. With a class in which the discipline is low, only sociotypes of teachers with a sanguine temperament (SEE, SLE, IEE, ILE) can successfully interact as teachers.

In order to avoid misunderstandings, I draw readers' attention to the fact that we are talking about teaching, and not about classroom guidance!

And now about the second possibility of socionic support of the educational process - how to assemble such a class in which various teachers could change without any special disturbances in contact with it.

BASIC RECOMMENDATION for the implementation of this method: If you want to guarantee a stable friendly working atmosphere in the study group, ensure balance in it (equal representation) of all four socionic temperaments!

To assess whether a person belongs to a particular temperamental group, I developed a test containing 36 statements (this publication is not given - Ed.).

5. Incentives encourage activity.

In addition to taking into account temperaments when recruiting training groups and achieving normal discipline and working atmosphere in them, the second side of the learning process is no less important - the motivation to perform training tasks. For this, knowledge of the stimuli that drive the types is necessary.

In the context of the studied issues, incentives can be understood as a two-sided factor. Firstly, the nature of the proposed work, which gives the sociotype the possibility of self-actualization, motivates a person to be active. Secondly, a person is stimulated by the intended result of this work, if he is sufficiently attractive to him. In the following, I will rely mainly on the first side of the complex concept of “stimulus”. In the socion one can distinguish 4 stimulus groups within which sociotypes are motivated in a similar way. These groups are formed when the socion is divided into four parts by extra / introversion axes and sensory / intuition:

	Extraverts	Introverts
Sensors	STATUS	BLESSING
Intuits	UNIQUENESS	Self-worth

1. Sensory extroverts.

Successfully realize themselves in practical activities with an expanding circle of contacts. Involved in the work of the STATUS incentive: a prestigious position in society, successful promotion, power and influence, attention and respect. These sociotypes quantitatively predominate in most educational groups [2]. This is also evidenced by our practice of socionic consultations for parents and schoolchildren. At least half of the heads of institutions, organizations and large enterprises belong to this stimulus group. The main thing that a teacher should pay attention to when working with them is to get away from theorizing and “book” knowledge, to make learning as close as possible to social practice, very visual,

2. Sensory introverts.

Successfully realize themselves in practical activities with a constant circle of contacts. The incentives of well-being are included in the work: good material support, confidence in the future, order and comfortable living and working conditions. By the number of their representatives in the averaged training group, these sociotypes are usually in second place - they are inferior to sensory extroverts, but they prevail over intuitive types. They form a peculiar foundation of the group, to which the teacher should direct the main efforts in educational work. At the expense of sensory introverts, the so-called "middle class" is formed - the social basis of any prosperous society. If they are well, then the whole society will develop steadily, without extremism. Teaching them, the teacher should pay special attention to the applied side of learning, professionalism and the quality of the knowledge and skills transferred.

3. Intuitive extroverts.

Self-actualized in non-traditional or constantly updated areas of activity with an expanding circle of contacts. They are included in the work as a stimulus of UNIQUENESS: the unusual, promising task, its intellectual complexity and fascination, far-reaching and large-scale consequences of the proposed projects if they are implemented. These sociotypes quantify in third place in the standard class, but anxiety sometimes delivers no less than sensory extroverts with their “non-standard”, the desire to go beyond the usual. Most of the intellectual leaders of their time - pioneers, founders of new sciences (logic) or creeds (ethics), ideological inspirers of the newly emerging trends of social thought. The main thing for a teacher who works with intuitive extroverts is not to level them, not to impede their search, to give them the opportunity to express their theories and even to argue with the teacher.

4. Intuitive introverts.

Self-actualized in non-traditional or renewable areas of activity with a constant circle of contacts. They are included in the work by the factor of self-worth, i.e. the opportunity to do what is important to them personally and at their usual pace. The inner world of ideas is the most expensive thing they have and for the sake of which they, in fact, will only be wasting their energy. Therefore, the tasks proposed to them must necessarily be to some extent related to the views or methods of work that interest them. With all due respect to intuitive extroverts, it must be admitted that the deepest ideas are still born in the head of sociotypes of this very, smallest in any class of stimulus group. Therefore, I recommend teachers to allow them to quietly do their favorite thing. Incentives of prestige, power, well-being and even priority and intellectual leadership act on them a little - they are almost always distinguished by personal modesty and unpretentiousness. Stimulus groups are thus the basis for developing an individualized approach to learning. Knowing the main incentives, you will be able to correctly distribute the efforts in your teaching work, psychologically competently setting before the students the tasks that they understand, are feasible and interesting. welfare and even priority and intellectual leadership are of little use to them - they are almost always distinguished by personal modesty and unpretentiousness. Stimulus groups are thus the basis for developing an individualized approach to learning. Knowing the main incentives, you will be able to correctly distribute the efforts in your teaching work, psychologically competently setting before the students the tasks that they understand, are feasible and interesting. welfare and even priority and intellectual leadership are of little use to them - they are almost always distinguished by personal modesty and unpretentiousness. Stimulus groups are thus the basis for developing an individualized approach to learning. Knowing the main incentives, you will be able to correctly distribute the efforts in your teaching work, psychologically competently setting before the students the tasks that they understand, are feasible and interesting.

6. The philosophy of types.

The problem of incentives is closely related to the problem of existential motives — a deeper and more abstract category, which I, as a representative of intuitive thinking, would like to touch on in the conclusion of the article. Each sociotype has its own existence - a philosophically generalized view of what drives people and the world. This view follows from the way the type solves the question of the primacy of the material and the ideal. Those sociotypes whose motivation is predominantly material in nature, I will conditionally be called materialists. All sensory types will fall into this category. The opposite group of types, whose deep motivation is predominantly ideal, will be called idealists. These are, accordingly, all intuitive types. As it is known from philosophy, inside idealism there are two currents - objective idealism, which recognizes in one form or another the idea of ​​God - the external supermaterial instance that governs the world, and subjective idealism, which believes that the originating world is our concept of it. According to Jung, objectively oriented types are extroverts, and subjectively oriented types are introverts. Therefore, objective idealism is the philosophy of intuitive extroverts, and subjective idealism is intuitive introverts. that the beginning of the generating world is our understanding of it. According to Jung, objectively oriented types are extroverts, and subjectively oriented types are introverts. Therefore, objective idealism is the philosophy of intuitive extroverts, and subjective idealism is intuitive introverts. that the beginning of the generating world is our understanding of it. According to Jung, objectively oriented types are extroverts, and subjectively oriented types are introverts. Therefore, objective idealism is the philosophy of intuitive extroverts, and subjective idealism is intuitive introverts.

Attention! We should not forget that we are talking about typical motivations, and not about specific people - representatives of certain sociotypes who can profess any philosophy.

We will do the same with “materialists” - sensory types: select, according to a sign, extraversion of objective materialists, which will be sensory extroverts, and in accordance with a sign of introversion, subjective materialists, who will be sensory introverts. Let us not be embarrassed by such a somewhat arbitrary treatment of philosophical schools: I do this for the sole purpose - to bring into the system our observations on behavior motivation at level 16. And now for the philosophy of each type.

1. Objective idealists.

- HOSTAVNIK (EIE): the world is ruled by God, fate, providence. This is the most mystically or religiously-minded sociotype, often in an actualized form, sincerely believing in his messianism, that he is a preacher of divine, cosmic, or other supernatural forces.

- INVENTOR (ILE): the universal mind rules the universe. This sociotype most of all others believes in the knowability of the most complex phenomena, in the rational device of the objective world, its explainability from the point of view of the exact laws of logic (“God does not play dice” - Einstein).

- PSYCHOLOGIST (IEE): the world is ruled by a feeling that is stronger than a person; This is the most altruistic type of personality that is able to help people, without even demanding in return. This also explains his strongest penchant for empathy.

- ENTREPRENEUR (LIE): the creator of everything is wildlife. This sociotype animates nature, thus becoming a dualist, i.e., equally recognizing the ideal and the material principles that unite in the element of nature.

2. Subjective idealists.

- ANALYST (LII): thought rules the world ("Cogito ergo sum" Descartes). If people understand what systemic laws society controls, it can be arranged fairly. The most constructive sociotype, believing that any phenomenon is determined by universal primary elements (archetypes, eidos, a priori categories) and the relations between them.

- CRITIC (OR): the world is ruled by chance. There are practically no objective laws, everything is relative and is determined by probability. The most agnostic type of intellect ("I only know that I do not know anything" - Socrates). Knowledge is possible only under the condition of complete inner clarity and tranquility, which is achieved through meditation.

- LYRIC (IEI): the world is ruled by mood, state. The most changeable type of psyche, strongly dependent on its inner spirit. Because of this, it is relatively easy to convince in any matter, if you are persistent enough. However, he is just as easy and gives up imposed beliefs.

- HUMANIST (EII): Kindness rules the world. The most sympathetic type of personality, even if his feelings are not embodied in actions. Ideal ideas of good and justice, if they are all guided in everyday life, will lead to a humane society. However, they must come from the soul of the person himself, and not be imposed from the outside.

3. Objective materialists.

- MARSHAL (SLE): Power and power rule the world. The most volitional of all sociotypes. Enters the battle only when it provides itself with an advantage, or it finds an unprotected place for the enemy. Objective reality, given to us in sensations, is what can be trusted, the rest is illusion.

- POLITIC (SEE): the world is ruled by fame, fame, communication. The most cautious of all sociotypes, as it learns everything from the mistakes made. Moves forward to the touch, trusting only his own feelings. Words, concepts, ideas - just a tool to influence people.

- ENTUZIAST (ESE): the world is ruled by impulse, burning, attraction. The most emotional personality type that can influence the mood of other people. He can be included in the idealists, because he is well capable of doing only what he likes. However, his inherent dependence on the energy state of others is quite material.

- ADMINISTRATOR (FEL): the world is ruled by work, business. The most materialistic thinking type of the psyche, based in its reasoning only on the facts and proven patterns in practice. It completely depends on the work process, subordinating his plans to him. Rejects any contrived theories and schemes, if they are not presented in the form of a proven technology.

4. Subjective materialists.

- INSPECTOR (LSI): the world is ruled by order, discipline. The sociotype that is most dependent on the organization of a specific space, is entirely subordinate to the established system. Any major alternative is rejected, since a departure from the spent structure for it is tantamount to a loss of a foothold, uncontrollable chaos.

- The STUDENT (ESI): the world is ruled by morality, moral duty. This type of psyche, like no other, depends on its internal moral attitudes. A person has the right to behave in such a way towards other people as they deserve. The existing system of relations and moral values ​​is protected from any attempts from outside. Even an objectively flared passion can be curbed by an effort of will.

- MEDIATOR (SEI): the world is ruled by pleasure. This sociotype does well only pleasant and stress-free work for him. Pretty conformal in behavior, he easily adapts to others, believing that people will willingly meet, if only to create an atmosphere of comfort and to offer what they lack to live in their pleasure.

- MASTER (SLI): the world is ruled by good. In accordance with his philosophy, he himself will not do anything useless for himself and will never suggest to others. The principle of least action by which the physical world lives is its principle. As the most technologically thinking type, he believes that the main argument is an appeal to the common sense of man.

Literature

1. Jung, K.G. Approach to the unconscious. / / Archetype and the symbol of M .: Renaissance, 1991, p.56-57.

2. Lawrence, Gordon. People types and tiger stripes. Center for Appications of Psychological Type, Inc. Second edition, pages 39-40.

3. Gulenko, V.V. Sociotypes in communication. - Kiev, January 1992, p.37-38.

4. Gulenko, V.V., Meged, V.V., Ovcharov, A.A. Diagnostic descriptions of 32 personality options. - K., 1991.

5. Ovcharov, A.A. Extraversion-introversion of program function. - K., 1/8/1992.

Temperament in Socionics: 12 years later.

Letter to the editorial board of the Socionic Gazette 12.09.2003.

In two sentences, as you propose, it is not possible for me to highlight the current state of the theory of socionic temperaments. However, I still tried to be brief, and I got the following comment. If you find it worthwhile, publish it after “Guarantees of Productive Learning” in the course of your discussion.

First of all, it is important for me to emphasize the methodological position on which I have relied in recent years, namely, the fractal concept of a multilevel psyche. Therefore, it makes sense to speak of at least two functional levels: first, the temperament itself is typical and, secondly, the temperament is subtype. A little simplifying, I formulate this thought as a temperamental shift from the pure type. The shift towards one or another temperament is formed due to the strengthening (above a certain threshold) of the corresponding function in the psyche of the carrier of the sociotype. It should not be forgotten that the displacement does not cancel the deep temperament, but only pushes it into the background, translates, so to speak, into the background.

Taking into account the second level of functioning, diagnostics and selection of personnel for a task are conducted in humanitarian socionics. Joining the "bottom" from the side of the subtype is a requirement. Otherwise, you will encounter the problem of conflicting duals and other inconsistencies in the field of intertype relationships.

The idea of ​​temperamental balance expressed by me in a number of early works (a socionic solution to the problem of compatibility of temperaments) is a necessary condition for the stable work of a long-term group and it acts at all distances.

The essence of the theory of temperaments from this complication has not changed. It consists of the following. Temperament, at whatever level it manifests itself (group, type, type variant, separate function), is given by three dichotomies, namely:

1) extra / introversion (reflects the dynamics of nervous processes),

2) static / dynamic (related to the balance of nervous processes),

3) rationality / irrationality (controls the rigidity of the nervous system).

Skipping the intermediate reasoning, we get four combinations with the following "filling":

1) Linear-assertive temperament = dynamics x extraversion x rationality,

2) Flexible-agile temperament = statics x extraversion x irrationality,

3) Receptive-adaptive temperament = dynamics x introversion x irrationality,

4) Balanced-stable temperament = statics x introversion x rationality.

The combined action of three (and not two) parameters generates the integral energy-informational characteristic of the psyche, which is called temperament.

It is often stated that the temperament of a real person is mixed. This is a fair comment. In essence, it means imposing, in most cases, a typical temperament of some kind of bias. Let us remember that linearly-assertive behavior gives functions  and, flexible and vigorous -  and, responsively-adaptive -  and, and balanced-stable -  and .

Take, for example, the sociotype SEE ( ).

A typical SEE temperament is flexible – turning, but in an explicit form this will manifest itself only when the function of force sensory dominates . The variant will have a shift in the linearly-assertive direction, in the variant variant the shift will occur to a balanced and stable temperament. The variant will have an admixture of receptively adaptive temperament.

Moreover, it is precisely the subtype temperament that will manifest itself more closely at a close psychological distance, since it is located at a more specific functional level. It is often considered the main one. In any case, it is really decisive for “everyday” compatibility.

If we break the generalized socionic temperaments through the “narrow filter” of a single function that is responsible for the sociability of a person among strangers, then we will get the classical temperaments interpreted by Aysenck - choleric (LN), sanguine (GH), melancholic (BA) and phlegmatic Cc) For this reason, it would be not entirely correct to put an equal sign between socionic and psychological temperaments .